---

Introduction: Although electronic cigarettes are increasing in popularity all over the world, their safety and efficacy for smoking cessation have remained unclear and discussed in scientific literature. The aim of present study was to review the available evidence about the use, content, safety of ECs and their potential effects on users' health, and the extraction of resources to guide and assist future decisions and policies.      
Methods: This review was conducted by assessing the safety and efficacy of ECs in English databases of PubMed, Elsevier, Proquest, Google scholar, Google's search engine, other websites and also in Persian databases of SID and MagIran.        
Findings: ECs are tools designed to deliver nicotine without heating and toxic substances in tobacco smoke, enabling some users to reduce or stop smoking. Nevertheless, there is alittle knowledge and information about the short-term and long-term effects of ECs on health. However, some studies have shown that the aerosols, cartridges, refill liquids, and gases released from these cigarettes contain chemical substances and ultrafine particles that have an acute effects on the cardiovascular system and pulmonary function, as well as the risk of cancer.           
Conclusion: Allowing ECs to compete with traditional cigarettes in the market can reduce the mortality and disease caused by smoking. However, the health effects of ECs are unknown and may encourage young people to dual use of EC and traditional tobacco. Since most studies focus on acute EC-related health problems, further research is needed to explore the safety and potential of long-term use and utility as a cessation tool.   
 

---

Background and Objectives: Smoking is an important risk factor for gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcer, Crohn's disease and various cancers. The present study discusses the most important and known effects of smoking on the gastrointestinal tract.
 Method and Materials: This review uses the keywords Smoking, Gastrointestinal diseases, Inflammation and Cancer in the English databases like PubMed, Elsevier, Proquest, Google scholar, Google search engine and other websites as well as using keywords smoking, device disorders Digestion, inflammation and cancer were performed in SID and MagIran Persian databases.
Results: Cigarette smoke has an inhibitory effect on the recovery and regeneration of the gastrointestinal tract due to its toxic constituents. Exposure to cigarette smoke is associated with increased apoptosis of epithelial cells, total dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4, and CD8T, along with unregulated mRNA expression in CCL9 and CCL20, which are important chemical triggers in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Cigarette smoke accelerates colitis by IFN-YT and CD4 cells. Cigarette smoke can also cause oxidative stress and impair vasodilator function in chronic inflammatory microvascular disease, resulting in ischemia, ulceration, and fibrosis. In addition, smoking can induce a carcinogenic process in the GI tract through inflammation and release of several inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, TNF-a, IL-I, IL-6, chemokines, CXCLI and CXCL8.
Conclusion: Smoking can cause pathogenic and carcinogenic processes in the GI tract. In other words, it leads to severe chronic inflammation and then spread of cancer to the inflamed areas. Careful mechanistic studies of the effects of smoking may be helpful in developing more effective treatments for various gastrointestinal disorders.
 

---

The placenta is a pre-natal placenta and one of the cases of emergency and gynecology medicine That causes uterine bleeding, uterine heart rate loss, and in some cases, it causes fetal death and even maternal death One of the other preeclampsia is the placenta, which is one of the most common causes of the second and third trimester of pregnancy In this report, we report a rare case of placental Abruption and severe bleeding into the amniotic fluid in a 40-year-old woman, fortunately, with timely measures of fetal maternal complications.
Conclusion: In patients with preeclampsia, it should be the possibility of the occurrence of the abruption and the necessary procedures To prevent neonatal complications such as developmental neurological complications in newborns and maternal complications.
 
 

---

Introduction: Spiritual health is the core of... Prayer reduces anxiety and promotes spirituality and is a good way to adapt to illness. Unfortunately, spiritual health is less considered by nurses in providing care. Since various studies have been conducted on the effect of prayer on the spiritual health of different patients. The aim of this study was to summarize and review the effect of prayer on patients' spiritual health.
method: The present conceptual review study was conducted in 1399. To obtain selected articles for analysis, internal databases of SID, MAGIRAN, GOOGLE SCHOLAR with a combination of keywords prayer, spiritual health from 2001 to 1399 were searched. Inclusion criteria in this study included articles that dealt with prayer and spiritual health, articles in Persian and original research. Exclusion criteria also included articles whose full text was not available.
findings: The results showed that five descriptive studies and two quasi-experimental studies in the field of prayer on patients' spiritual health have been performed. In general, research has been done on the effect of prayer on the spiritual health of chronic diseases such as cancer, hemodialysis, chronic heart failure and cerebrovascular disease.
Discussion: Discussion and Conclusion: Prayer is considered as an important factor in the spiritual health of chronic patients. Since nurses, as a professional group, accompany the patient during the patient's hospitalization and stay in the hospital, the nurses increase the spiritual and general health of the patients by providing nursing support and meeting the spiritual need.

---

Background and Aim: Trust is an important component in the relationship between patient and nurse. Factors affecting the trust between the patient and the nurse include communication factors, effective professional factors and nurses' expertise. Considering the various positive consequences that patient trust in the nurse can have, this study was conducted with the aim of the effect of trust in nurses in the process of patients' recovery.
Methods: This study was a narrative review. To select Persian studies in databases such as Magiran, Mags Noor, SID, IranMedex with the keywords trust, patient, nurse, between
1389 to 1399 was searched and for studies in English from the keywords Patient, Nurse, Trust in the database direct science, Scopus, Pubmed were used between 2010 and 2020. Inclusion criteria included review of English and Persian articles and dissertations and exclusion criteria included lack of access to the full version of the article. Review articles were excluded from the study. After searching the databases, 68 articles were included in the study and finally 15 articles were reviewed.
Results: The results showed that communication and professional factors are effective in creating patient trust in the nurse. Barriers to communication and care are barriers to building trust. The consequences of the patient's trust in the nurse include psychological and therapeutic consequences.
Result: By educating nurses and updating their professional knowledge, nursing managers pave the way for the development of trust in nurses and patients for optimal nursing care.
Conclusion: Nursing managers should pave the way for the development of trust in nurses and patients for optimal nursing care by educating nurses and updating their professional knowledge.

---

Background and Objectives: Muscle weakness is one of the side effects of inactivity that causes movement disorders and skeletal muscle abnormalities, especially in teenage girls. Therefore, resistance sports stimulate and grow muscles, maintain stability and balance in the body. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of resistance exercise on the muscle strength of female students aged 13-15 years in Gorgan city.
Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 50 female students aged 13-15 years old in Gorgan city as a simple random allocation in two groups of test and control. In the test group, 8 training sessions were performed every week, 2 sessions of 50-60 minutes in the gym. No intervention was performed in the control group. The tools for measuring upper and lower body muscle strength were chest press weight and leg weights respectively. The data was entered into SPSS21 statistical software and analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.
Results: Covariance test showed a significant difference in comparing upper body muscle strength with eliminating the effect of pretest (P <0.01, Eta = 0.28). Covariance test showed a significant difference in comparing lower torso muscle strength by eliminating the effect of pretest (P <0.01, Eta = 0.42).
Conclusion: Resistance exercise plays an important role in strengthening the muscular strength of the upper and lower limbs of students. It is necessary for managers and health professionals to use these training methods to prevent girls' spine problems.

---